Copyright: Wireless Station Update Help Version 4.48.a  Tuesday, January 08, 2002 14:07:14
Citation: © 2001 Avaya Inc., All Rights Reserved


 WSU Overview

This is the WSU tool.

You can use this tool to update the Firmware of your Avaya Wireless adapter.

When you start the tool, it performs some diagnostic test to tests on your Avaya Wireless adapter.

• 	Click the Update button to start the update process;

• 	Click the Close button to close the program without changing the firmware of your adapter.

See also:

When should I update the firmware?


About WSU

This window displays the version of the WSU tool and the embedded Firmware  that you can load into your Avaya Wireless adapter.

The lower section of this window will display the current  Variant and Version information that applies to the adapter and your computer:

• 	Avaya Wireless driver installed on your computer.

• 	Variant, version and  Serial Number of the adapter hardware

• 	Primary Functions Firmware

• 	Station Functions Firmware


Update Completed

The firmware update was successful.

You may need to disconnect and re-connect the adapter to restore your network connection.

To update the firmware of another Avaya Wireless adapter, swap the adapter and press the 'update' button again.

NOTE

When using a Windows NT system (v.4.00) you may need to restart your computer to have the operating system detect the adapter again.


When should I update the firmware?

Upgrading the firmware of your Avaya Wireless adapter may be required in one of the following situations:

• 	New features have become available for your Avaya Wireless adapter, and you would like to use these features for your adapter

• 	Avaya Wireless Technical Support advises you to update the adapter, for example to fix an  error that was discovered only after you purchased your product.

See also:

What do I need to update firmware?


What do I need to update firmware?

To update the firmware of your Avaya Wireless adapter,  connect it to a Windows computer that has the WSU tool installed.

When using the adapter on a Windows computer running driver version 7.0 or higher (June 2001) the firmware is included in the driver: i.e. you do not need to use this tool.


Refresh

To refresh the card information:

1.	Click the icon in the top-left section of the WSU menubar.

2.	From the pull-down list, select 'Refresh Card Identification'.


Card Type

This field identifies the hardware type of your wireless adapter:

• 	Type II Extended

• 	Type II Extended - 8 dBm


WSU Under the hood

When you launch the WSU tool, it performs a little test to verify the:

• 	Hardware version of your Avaya Wireless adapter

• 	Current firmware version of the adapter.

• 	Check compatibility of the current driver with the new firmware.

Once completed, the tool will display a summary of this information. You can click the 'Details' button to display version information of all Avaya Wireless components. This option may be very useful when contacting Technical Support.

When all items are compatible, you can click the 'Update' button to proceed.

• 	When you are trying to load firmware, older than the card's current version, the tool will prompt you to confirm this 'downgrade'.

• 	When you are trying to load firmware that is not compatible with the wireless adapter installed on your computer, the tool will display a warning message.

To allow a successful update, you may need to install a newer version of the Avaya Wireless driver on the station that runs the WSU tool.

NOTE

When the update has completed successfully, don't forget to update the driver on the computer that you wish to use in combination with the updated adapter.


WSU Troubleshooting

When using the WSU tool you may encounter one of the errors listed below. Follow the descriptions as described in the topic that applies to solve the errors:

• 	Update button is Grayed Out

• 	No Driver Available


Update button is Grayed Out

When the 'Update' button is grayed out, this indicates a problem that halted the firmware update procedure.

This type of error may occur in one of the following situations:

• 	The new firmware is not compatible with the hardware of your Avaya Wireless card.

• 	The WSU tool could not find an Avaya Wireless driver, or the currently installed driver is not compatible with the firmware update.

See also:

• 	Wireless Port is used by another device

• 	No PC Card Found

• 	No Driver Available

• 	Driver Incompatibility

• 	Hardware Error


No PC Card Found

The WSU tool was not able to detect a Avaya Wireless adapter  in your computer.

This error may occur in one of the following situations:

• 	There is no Avaya Wireless adapter available, so the Windows operating system did not load the driver.

• 	The Windows operating system encountered an error that prevented it from loading the driver.

To resolve this problem insert a Avaya Wireless card and try again.

For Windows NT systems  (v.4.00) you will need to restart your computer to have the operating system detect the new card.

• 	If the problem persists:, remove the current driver as described in the Troubleshooting section of the User's Guide of your Avaya Wireless card and re-install the driver.

You are advised to consult our website at http://www.avaya.com/ for the latest available driver(s) and WSU updates(s).


No Driver Available

The WSU tool needs the Avaya Wireless Miniport driver to access your Avaya Wireless adapter for a firmware upgrade.

The WSU tool was not able to detect the driver, and could not proceed with the firmware upgrade.

This error may occur in one of the following situations:

• 	There is no Avaya Wireless adapter  available, so the Windows operating system did not load the driver.

• 	The Windows operating system encountered an error that prevented it from loading the driver.

To resolve this problem insert a Avaya Wireless card and try again. For Windows NT systems  (v.4.00) you will need to restart your computer to have the operating system detect the new card.

• 	If the problem persists:, remove the current driver as described in the Troubleshooting section of the User's Guide of your Avaya Wireless card and re-install the driver.

You are advised to consult our website at http://www.avaya.com/ for the latest available driver(s) and WSU updates(s).


Driver Incompatibility

The firmware you are trying to load into your Avaya Wireless adapter, is not compatible with the driver currently installed on your computer.

Subject to the type of firmware update this driver may either:

• 	Allow Firmware Update

• 	Do not update Firmware

For the latest drivers please check our website at http://www.avaya.com/


Allow Firmware Update

The firmware you are trying to load into your Avaya Wireless adapter, is not compatible with the driver currently installed on your computer.

Although the current driver will allow you to update the firmware of your Avaya Wireless card, it will not allow you to operate the card after the firmware upload.

• 	If you wish to proceed  with the update click 'Yes' to update your  Avaya Wireless card.

You will need to update the driver later to be able to use the same card on this computer.

• 	If you do not wish to update the card, click 'Cancel' to abort the update procedure.

When you intend using the card on this computer, you are advised to update the Avaya Wireless driver prior to updating the card.

When you intend using this card on another computer, make sure that computer will be updated with the latest available driver for the Avaya Wireless card.

For the latest drivers please check our website at http://www.avaya.com/


Do not update Firmware

The firmware you are trying to load into your Avaya Wireless adapter, is not compatible with the driver currently installed on your computer.

To update the firmware, you will need to install  a newer version of the driver  prior to updating the firmware.

For updated drivers please check our website at http://www.avaya.com/


Wireless Port is used by another device

To allow a firmware update to this card, the WSU tool needs exclusive access to the card.

The update failed because another application was using the port of the Avaya Wireless driver.

In most situations this could be an application such as the Client Manager program.

1.	Close all other applications and try again.

2.	If the problem persists, contact Technical Support.


Hardware Error

The WSU tool encountered a problem that prevented an update of the firmware your Avaya Wireless card.

The possible cause may be:

• 	A hardware error of the Avaya Wireless card in the PC Card slot

• 	An error with the Avaya Wireless driver that prevents the WSU tool to communicate with the Avaya Wireless card.

To investigate this problem in more detail, please run the Client Manager Card Diagnostics to:

• 	Test the hardware of the Avaya Wireless card currently inserted into the computer

• 	Detect a possible failure of your Avaya Wireless driver.

To determine whether the problem is hardware related  or not, you may try to see whether the same problem occurs with another Avaya Wireless PC Card that has exactly the same the Variant or Versionvalues as the current card.


Hardware incompatibility (Error 109)

You can not use this WSU tool version to update this adapter. Sometimes this error may also be displayed with the error code 109.

Reason is that either the Variant or Version of the firmware is not compatible with the Avaya Wireless adapter hardware.

Please consult our website at http://www.avaya.com/   to see if firmware updates are available for the Version and Variant type of your Avaya Wireless card.


Downgrade the firmware?

You are trying to overwrite the firmware in your Avaya Wireless PC card with a version that is older than the one currently installed on the card.

• 	If you do not wish to downgrade the firmware click 'Cancel' to abort the update procedure.

• 	If you wish to downgrade the firmware click 'Yes' to proceed.


Overwrite Same Firmware?

You are trying to overwrite the firmware in your Avaya Wireless PC card with a version that is the same as the one currently installed on the card.

• 	If you do not wish to replace the firmware click 'Cancel' to abort the update procedure.

• 	If you wish to replace the current version, click 'Yes' to proceed.


Unidentified Error

An unidentified problem occurred while updating your Avaya Wireless adapter. This error prevented the WSU tool from upgrading your card.

 To resolve this problem, please try the update procedure again.

If the problem persists, you are advised to:

• 	Consult our website at http://www.avaya.com/  for updates of the WSU tool or update information

• 	Contact Technical Support

Alternatively, you may try to see whether an earlier version of the WSU tool is capable to access your Avaya Wireless PC Card.

Possible errors could be:

• 	Time Out Error (error 104)

• 	WSU Tool is damaged (Error 110)

• 	Windows Operating System Error (Error 111)


Unable to update the Firmware

The WSU tool encountered an unidentified error that prevented the firmware update of your Avaya Wireless adapter.

The WSU tool identified that you can not use this version of the WSU tool to update the card currently inserted into the PC Card slot. This card is still operational using its current firmware level.

Please consult our website at http://www.avaya.com/   to see if firmware updates are available for the Version and Variant type of your Avaya Wireless card.


WSU Tool is damaged (Error 110)

A serious problem with this version of your WSU tool prevented your card update.

Your Avaya Wireless adapter is still operational at its current firmware level.

The possible cause is that the embedded  firmwareGloss_STA_Firmware of this WSU tool has been damaged or is not functioning properly.

You will not be able to use this WSU tool to update your Avaya Wireless card.

• 	When you suspect that the error occurred when you downloaded the WSU, please try downloading again.

• 	When the error persists, please report the error to Technical Support and consult the website for additional information or updates.


Windows Operating System Error (Error 111)

The WSU tool encountered an error that prevented the tool from upgrading your card.

This error may occur in situations where there was a problem with:

• 	The Windows operating system (e.g. a lack of resources such as RAM, or a hardware conflict with another device)

• 	Another unidentified error.

When this error occurs:

• 	Close all other applications and try again.

• 	Verify whether your computer matches the requirements as identified for the WSU tool.


Time Out Error (error 104)

The WSU tool encountered an error that prevented the firmware update of your card.

The WSU tool update procedure consists of a series of steps that need to be confirmed by your PC Card, before the WSU tool will proceed with the next step.

In this case your PC Card did not respond to a confirmation request of the WSU tool, so the WSU tool aborted the firmware update.

 To resolve this problem, please try the update procedure again.

If the problem persists, you are advised to:

• 	Consult our website at http://www.avaya.com/  for updates of the WSU tool or update information

• 	Contact Technical Support

Alternatively, you may try to see whether an earlier version of the WSU tool is capable to access your Avaya Wireless PC Card.


Error 105

The WSU tool encountered an exceptional error that prevented the firmware update of your card.

There is no user-defined solution for this error. You are advised to:

• 	Contact Technical Support

• 	Consult our website at http://www.avaya.com/  for updates of the WSU tool or update information.


Driver Mismatch

The WSU tool updated the firmware of your Avaya Wireless card, but the tool was not able to validate the update process.

Probable cause is a mismatch between the new firmware loaded into your Avaya Wireless card and the driver installed on your computer.

To resolve the error you are advised to:

1.	update the Avaya Wireless driver installed on your computer

2.	Run the Client Manager Card diagnostics to verify card operation.

Please note:

New firmware or drivers may not always be compatible with existing versions of your Client Manager software.

When upgrading the firmware or drivers for your Avaya Wireless card you are advised to consult the readme.txt file or the instructions on our website at http://www.avaya.com/  to determine whether such update is required or recommended.


Card Update Check Error

The WSU tool updated the firmware of your Avaya Wireless card, but the WSU update verification encountered an unidentified error.

Please run the Client Manager Card diagnostics for more information.


Stop your Avaya Wireless adapter

To disable your Avaya Wireless PC Card, proceed as follows:

1.	On the Windows Taskbar, click the Start button

2.	Point to 'Settings and select the item 'Control Panel'

3.	In the Control Panel window, double-click the item 'PC Card'

4.	In the PC Card properties window, select the PC Card socket that contains your Avaya Wireless PC Card

5.	Click the 'Stop' button to disable the selected PC Card.

Your Windows operating system will:

6.	Disconnect from the network and

7.	Disable the Avaya Wireless driver.

8.	Wait for the Windows operating system to acknowledge that the device has been disabled and that you can remove the PC Card from the PC Card slot.

Hint:

A shortcut to the PC Card properties window is clicking the PC Card icon on the right side of your Windows Task bar.


How to display PC Card Details

When you encounter an error running the WSU tool, or when you would like to investigate the current Variant or Version compatibility of the WSU tool with your PC Card(s), you can display a detailed list about the status of both WSU tool and the PC Card inserted into the PC Card slot.

To display the 'WSU Details' window:

1.	Click the PC Card icon in the top-left section of the WSU menubar.

2.	From the pull-down list that is displayed, select ' About...'


Card Identification

The Card Identification field on the main window of the WSU tool displays:

• 	The type of Avaya Wireless card inserted into your computer

• 	the hardware variant and version of the Avaya Wireless card inserted into the WSU computer,

• 	the variant and version level of the firmware currently loaded into the card.


Access Point

Transparent bridge device to connect Wireless Client Adapter units to a (wired) network.

See also:

• 	Access Point I

• 	Access Point II


Access Control

Authorized stations are identified by the MAC Address of the Wireless Client Adapter in a so called Access Control Table file that is loaded into the Base Stations as part of the configuration.

With this security feature enabled, the Base Station ignores all requests to forward data to/from the wireless devices that are not identified in the Access Control Table. You can create or edit the Access Control Table files with:

• 	Base Station Management Tool

• 	Client Manager


Access Control Table

Typically a task for the LAN Administrator, and part of the configuration upload.

The Access Control Table can be used as a security mechanism to restrict access to the wireless network with a list containing the unique MAC Address of the network interface:

• 	On each individual Base Station in your network, or

• 	On a central database, stored in a dedicated RADIUS Server or third party server.


ADSL

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line

Technology for broadband computer communication via standard telephone lines. Unlike regular dialup phone service, ADSL provides continuously-available, "always on" connection. ADSL is asymmetric because it uses most of the channel to transmit downstream to the user and only a small part to receive information from the user. ADSL simultaneously accommodates analog (voice) information on the same line.


Alphanumeric Value

An alphanumeric value is a value that can include both:

• 	Numeric values in the range of '0-9' and

• 	Alphabetical characters in the range of 'a-z'.

For example: AP2on2ndfloor.

Usually alphanumeric values are applied to specify a name or password, where the use of both alphabetical and numerical characters expands the flexibility to enter a name or value of your choice.

When used for passwords, alphanumerical characters expand the number of possible code-combinations for each single character.

For example:

• 	Numerical values would allow you to select from 10 different values per character only, in the range of '0-9'.

• 	Alphabetical values would allow you to select from 26 different values per character only, in the range of 'a-z'. or maximum 52 when the characters would be case-sensitive: 'a-z', and 'A-Z'.

• 	Alphanumerical characters enable you to select from 36 different values per character, in the range of '0-9' and 'a-z'. When the field value would be case-sensitive, the number of values per character would be 62:

Per character you could select from a value in the range of '0-9', 'a-z', and 'A-Z'.

See also: Translating Hex & ASCII values


Association

Association refers to the process where a Wireless Client Station establishes a connection to a Base Station that provides access to IEEE 802.11 infrastructures. This connection applies to the "physical" networking layer only: i.e., it involves nothing more than for example pulling a cable between a wired computer and the wiring closet.

To access networking data, the end-user would still need a login name and login password as implemented by most of today's network operating systems.


Authenticator

Control interaction role where an entity enforces authentication before allowing user access(Supplicant).


Supplicant

Control interaction role where an entity requests access to the services that can be accessed through the Authenticator.


Basic Access Network

A basic access network consists of a small sized wireless LAN, with no connections via gateways or routers. The number of Base Stations in this network typically varies between 1 and 5. The administrator stations need to have the TCP/IP protocol stack loaded and use IP addressing to configure and monitor the Base Stations. IP addressing and the TCP/IP protocol are not strictly necessary for client stations.


Beacon Message

Beacon messages are management frames transmitted by a Base Station at regular intervals. The purpose of Beacon messages is to support Roaming wireless devices.

A beacon message contains information that:

• 	Identifies the wireless network, and

• 	Informs the wireless computing device about the quality of its radio connection with the various Base Station devices throughout the wireless network.

Wireless devices that roam between different physical locations, will use the Beacon information to determine if and when they should (try to) connect to another Base Station. This will avoid that wireless devices moving away from the Base Station might lose their network connection.

To receive and interpret a Beacon message, the Wireless Client Station must be configured with identical identification parameters as the Base Station interface that transmitted the Beacon message. Wireless devices equipped with the PC Card must be configured with an identical Network Name.


Beacon interval

Base Station devices transmit Beacon Messages at an interval of approximately 10 beacons/second.


BIOS

Basic I/O System (sometimes also referred to as CMOS)

This system is loaded first each time you (re)start your computer. It usually contains basic information about devices and ports installed into your computer. Examples of such settings are:

• 	System clock, which determines the date and time settings on your computer

• 	Type and number of Hard Disk Drives

• 	Type and device settings of Parallel and Serial ports

• 	Type and device settings of "on-board" audio cards and/or Ethernet interfaces

The number of settings defined in the BIOS and/or the ability to view or modify these settings may differ from one computer to another.

To access the BIOS or CMOS you typically need to press a specific key when (re)starting your computer. For most computer systems this is either the F1 function key, or the "Delete" key, other systems may use a custom key. Consult the user documentation that came with your computer for more information about accessing the BIOS, and instructions for viewing/modifying settings for your computer.


UTP Cable

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

Standard cable for wired Ethernet networks, equipped with RJ-45 connectors. This cable is also referred to as 10Base-T or 100Base-T cable.

This cable is typically used to connect a computer or Base Station to:

• 	A LAN hub or Switch in a corporate or SOHO network with wired infrastructure.

• 	An external device such as a Cable Modem, xDSL modem or ISDN Router to allow computers in a SOHO network to access the internet via an ISP.


UTP Cross-over Cable

Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable

Special cable for wired Ethernet networks, equipped with RJ-45 connectors. This cable is also referred to as 10Base-T or 100Base-T cable.

This cable is typically used to connect a Base Station directly to a computer.


Closed Configuration

Avaya Wireless proprietary mode where the Base Station denies access to:

• 	any Wireless Client Station with the incorrect Network Name

• 	any Wireless Client Station with the Network Name set to ANY

This mode is not compliant with the IEEE 802.11 Standard.


CSMA/CA

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance.

Pro-active mechanism used by wireless network devices to avoid collisions of wireless transmissions. The CSMA/CA mechanism is based on sensing whether the medium is free prior to starting transmissions. If the medium is not free, the wireless device will defer its transmission using a random time-out counter until the medium becomes available again.


CSMA/CD

Carrier Sense Multiple Access Control, Collision Detect.

Reactive mechanism used by wired network devices to detect collisions of transmitted frames. The CSMA/CD mechanism is based on starting transmissions without sensing whether the medium is free, and only detect frames that failed as a result of a collision.


CTS

Clear To Send.


RTS

Request To Send.


Embedded Software

Basic operating software for the Avaya Wireless hardware that determines basic functionality and features. This software is already loaded into the hardware at the factory, so does not require user installation.

When new features or functions become available for your hardware, these will be released as updates on the website at http://www.avaya.com/.

Subject to the type of hardware, the embedded software may also referred to as:

• 	Firmware for wireless your wireless Client Station.

• 	Kernel for your Base Station.


Encryption Key

Alphanumeric Value or Hexadecimal Value used to validate the access to the network.

Given that each wireless device on the network must be configured with the same security settings, encryption keys provide a basic mechanism to prevent any unauthorized access to the network.


ESS

Extended Service Set.

Definition in the IEEE 802.11 Standard for wireless LANs to identify a wireless network consisting of Base Stations and Clients.


ETSI

European Telecommunications Standards Institute (Europe).


FCC

Federal Communications Commission (USA).


IC

Industry Canada.


FCS

The Frame Check Sequence is a cyclic redundancy check (CRC), calculated on all fields from the Destination Address on.

It is used to detect corrupted packets on the network.


Firmware

Embedded software of the Avaya Wireless PC Card and PCI Adapter.

This basic operating software for wireless devices hardware is factory-installed. You will only need to update this software when new functions or features have been developed for your hardware.


Kernel

Embedded software of the Base Station.

This software is a binary file of the format "XXXXyyy.bin", where XX identifies the type of Base Station, and yyy identifies the version of the software.

• 	wpntxxxx.bin for AP-II

• 	ap05xxxxx.bin for AP-I

• 	rg10xxxxxx.bin for Residential Gateway


Firewall

Security system designed to prevent unauthorized access to a private or local network.

It can either be a hardware firewall or a software firewall, or a combination of both.


Fragmentation

When transmitting data via the wireless network, your Wireless Network Interface will automatically split up the file or message in a number of different packets, that are re-assembled again by the communication partner.

Avaya Wireless Products use standard IEEE 802.11 compatible frame lengths, where different lengths apply for each Transmit Rate. Fragmentation will apply alternative (usually shorter) frame lengths to split and reassemble the wireless data frames.


Hexadecimal Value

Numeric value that can include both numeric and a limited number of alphabetical characters:

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F

Where 0 identifies the lowest value, and F the highest value of the hexadecimal range.

In most occurrences where hexadecimal values apply, you will be able to distinguish the hexadecimal values from standard numerical values.

For example:

• 	3F2C will identify a four-digit hexadecimal value

• 	1234 will most probably identify a four-digit numerical value.

Usually hexadecimal values are identified by a leading 0x, or trailing 'h', to allow you to distinguish a hexadecimal value from a numerical value. For example:

• 	1234 'h or 0x1234 will identify a four-digit hexadecimal value, where.

• 	1234 will identify a four-digit numerical value.

In case of doubt, consult the user documentation or online help of your product, to find out which type of value applies in a specific situation.

See also: Translating Hex & ASCII values


Translating Hex & ASCII values

When your network includes computers equipped with wireless adapters from different manufacturers, you may encounter difficulty entering the encryption keys because one system might require you to enter a Hexadecimal Value where the other system prompts you to specify an Alphanumeric Value.

You can use the table below to translate such values to a valid equivalent for the other system.

NOTE

Encryption Key strings are case-sensitive!

Example: If your Encryption Key reads: "Key2Z" the hexadecimal equivalent would be: "4B657932A"

Alphanumeric
 Hex
Alphanumeric
 Hex
A
41
a
61
B
42
b
62
C
43
c
63
D
44
d
64
E
45
e
65
F
46
f
66
G
47
g
67
H
48
h
68
I
49
i
69
J
4A
j
6A
K
4B
k
6B
L
4C
l
6C
M
4D
m
6D
N
4E
n
6E
O
4F
o
6F
P
50
p
70
Q
51
q
71
R
52
r
72
S
53
s
73
T
54
t
74
U
55
u
75
V
56
v
76
W
57
w
77
X
58
x
78
Y
59
y
79
Z
A
z
7A
Spacebar
20
0
30
!
21
1
31
"
22
2
32
#
23
3
33
$
24
4
34
%
25
5
35
&
26
6
36
'
27
7
37
(
28
8
38
)
29
9
39
*
2A
:
3A
+
2B
;
3B
,
2C
<
3C
-
2D
=
3D
.
2E
>
3E
/
2F
?
3F
[
5B
@
40
5C
]
5D
^
5E
_
5F
`
60
7B
|
7C
7D
~
7E
Del.
7F


Hidden Station Problem

A hidden station is a situation in which two Client Stations are within range of the same Base Station, but are not within range of each other.

The Hidden Station Problem illustrates an example of the "hidden station" problem. Both station A and station B are within range of the Base Station however, station B cannot "hear" station A, therefore station A is a "hidden station" for station B.

Figuur: The Hidden Station Problem

When station B starts to communicate with the Base Station, it might not notice that station A is already using the wireless medium. When station A and station B send messages at the same time, they might collide when arriving simultaneously at the Base Station. The collision will most certainly result in a loss of messages for both stations.

A situation in a wireless network, where communication fails despite the CSMA/CA mechanism. This problem may typically occur in networks where Base Station devices are located at large distances from one another, and/or multiple wireless stations are located at the periphery of a wireless cell.

In such situations wireless stations are not able to adequately sense whether the medium is free, and might start transmissions simultaneously, resulting in a frame collision.


IEEE

Institute of Electrical & Electronics Engineers, Inc.

The IEEE is an organization that develops Standards for electrical and electronic equipment. IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies and the Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board.

For more information, contact IEEE Customer Service at:

E-mail/Internet:
Customer.service@ieee.org
http://standards.ieee.org
Phone:
1.732.981.0060 (outside of the US and Canada)
Fax:
1.800.701.IEEE (within the US and Canada)
1.732.981-9667
Mail:
IEEE Customer Service
445 Hoes Lane, PO Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331 USA


IEEE 802.11

IEEE 802.xx Standards define the access technologies for local and metropolitan area networks. IEEE Standards are developed and defined by the IEEE.

The IEEE 802.11 Standard is an interoperability standard for wireless LAN devices, that identifies three major distribution systems for wireless data communication:

• 	Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) Radio Technology

• 	Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Radio Technology

• 	Infrared Technology

IEEE 802.11 compliant networking products that are based on the same type of distribution system are interoperable with one another, regardless of the device's manufacturer.


IEEE 802.1x

Draft standard for port-based network access control, which provides authenticated network access for IEEE 802.11 wireless networks and to wired Ethernet networks.

• 	IEEE 802.1x Authentication


IEEE 802.1x Authentication

Authentication and Dynamic key distribution prior to LAN access.

• 	Zero-Configuration IEEE 802.11


Zero-Configuration IEEE 802.11

Media sense wireless aware in the Wireless Client Adapter detects changes for IEEE 802.11 LANs and triggers updates in clients, applications, and network. This means that the operating system manages Driver installation and Client Station configuration.

Requirements:

• 	IEEE 802.1x compliant TCP/IP

• 	Disabled Closed Configuration.


EAP

Extensible Authentication Protocol.


IPSec

IP Security, developed for per packet integrity and encryption.


Initiator Station

The Base Station that you selected to initiate the AP Manager Remote Link Test.


IPX/SPX

A networking protocol that is commonly used in networking environments that use the Novell Netware network operating system.


IPv6

Internet Protocol version 6, which uses a 128-bit addressing scheme to support system identification on the public network.


ISP

Internet Service Provider

Company or organization that provides you access to the Internet via one of the following means:

• 	v90 telephone line

• 	ISDN telephone line

• 	xDSL Modem line.

• 	TV Cable network via Cable Modem

As a computer user you can not connect directly to the internet. The ISP acts as an intermediary between you and the internet.


LAN

Local Area Network


LAN Administrator Station

The LAN Administrator Station is the computer used for managing your Local Area Network


LAN Segment

A logical area within a network that is connected with other areas via a bridge.

For Base Station devices these areas can either be an Ethernet or wireless segment.


LED

Light Emitting Diode

Indicator light on that you can find on most Avaya Wireless devices.


Blink

LED lights up at regular intervals.


Flicker

LED lights up quickly at irregular intervals.


MAC

Medium Access Control.

See also: MAC Address.


MAC Address

12-digit hexadecimal identification number for networking products.

Every networking device is identified by a unique factory-set number that can not be changed, also referred to as the 'Universal MAC Address'.

• 	The MAC Address of a Wireless Client Station is printed on a label on the backside of the hardware.

• 	Base Station type devices may have more than one MAC Address:

• 	One MAC Address for the wired Ethernet interface of the device, printed on a label on the Base Station, and

• 	A MAC Address for the Wireless Network Interface of the Base Station.

• 	The wireless MAC Address corresponds with the value printed on a label on the backside of the card inside the Base Station.


MIB

Management Information Base.

A database of objects that can be monitored by network management systems. Both SNMP and remote monitoring tools (RMON) use standardized MIB formats to monitor any device defined by a MIB.


MPT

Ministry of Post and Telecommunication (Japan)


MPDU

MAC Protocol Data Unit


MSDU

MAC Service Data Unit


Multicast

Messages transmitted by a single station (typically a server) to a select group of recipients on the network. This type of traffic is also referred to as Non-Unicast messages.


NetBEUI

A Microsoft proprietary protocol that is often used in small networking environments. It allows end-users to share resources on their computers by providing 'peer-to-peer' access. This protocol is required to use 'disk-sharing' or allow other users to print files on a printer connected directly to your computer.


Open Environment

Typical radio environment where antennas can "see" each other, i.e. there are no physical obstructions between them.


Open Configuration

Standard IEEE 802.11 mode where the Base Station bridges data for:

• 	every Client Station with the correct Network Name

• 	every Client Station with the Network Name set to ANY.


Semi-open Environment

Typical radio environment where work space is divided by shoulder-height, hollow wall elements; antennas are at desktop level.


Closed Environment

Typical radio environment where work space is separated by floor-to-ceiling brick walls: antennas can not "see" each other.


PPP

PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) is a protocol for communication between two computers using a serial interface, typically a personal computer connected by phone line to an Internet server. Essentially, it packages your computer's TCP/IP packets and forwards them to the (Internet) server, where they can actually be put on the Internet. PPP can handle synchronous as well as asynchronous communication.


PPPoE

PPPoE (Point-to-Point Protocol over Ethernet) is a specification for connecting multiple computer users on an Ethernet to a remote site through a modem. PPPoE combines PPP with the Ethernet protocol, where the PPP protocol information is encapsulated within the Ethernet frames.

In a Residential Gateway network, PPPoE can be used to let multiple wireless users share a common Digital Subscriber Line, by connecting an ADSL modem to the gateway.


L2TP

Layer Two Tunneling Protocol

Extension to the PPP protocol that enables ISPs to operate Virtual Private Networks (VPN).

L2TP requires that the ISP's routers support the protocol.


RADIUS

Remote Authentication Dial In User Interface.


RADIUS Server

RADIUS Server Access Control is a security mechanism based on a protocol exchange between Base Station devices and a dedicated server that contains a central database of computer stations that are allowed to access the network.

Authorized stations are identified by the unique Universal MAC Address of their network adapter.


Roaming

The movement by a mobile Wireless Client Station among multiple wireless cells. The wireless network can locate the wireless station as it `roams', and provides continuing service to that station.

When moving away from its current Base Station, your network interface will automatically connect to another Base Station when the quality of radio communications require it do so, in order to maintain the network connection.


Serial Number

Every Avaya Wireless card has a unique identification number of the format:

YYUTxxxxxxxx, where

• 	YY identify the year of manufacturing

• 	xx identifies the unique item number.

This number is printed on a label that you can find on your product.


SNR

The Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) is the primary diagnostic counter to diagnose wireless performance. SNR indicates the relative strength of the received Signal Level compared to the Local Noise Level.

In most environments, SNR is a good indicator for the quality of the radio link between transmitter and receiver. A higher SNR value means a better quality radio link. The color coding of the SNR-bar indicates the link quality.


Signal Level

Signal Level indicates the strength of the wireless signal as received at the Wireless Client Adapter. As the wireless system may perform quite well even when the signal level is low, the primary indicator to diagnose the communications quality is the level of SNR.

Use the Client Manager or AP Manager Link Test to investigate the communications quality.


Noise Level

Noise Level reflects the level of local background noise as measured at the Wireless Client Adapter.

Noise can be indicated as Local Noise (close to the monitoring station) or  Remote Noise  (close to the Link Test partner)

Possible sources of interference can be:

• 	Theft Protection Devices

• 	Cordless Phones

• 	Microwave Ovens

• 	Pager Systems

This counter reflects only the Noise Level value (in%) of the latest frame that was received on this interface.

When the value displayed changes dynamically, the likely cause will be that there are multiple wireless stations communicating to this wireless interface, where the communications path of one or more stations to Base Station suffers from interference, and the communications path of the other stations is 'clean'.

Use the Client Manager Link Test to investigate the communications quality between each Wireless Client Station and this Base Station.

The Noise Level, as well as the Signal Level, is expressed in decibel milliwatt (dBm) and has a negative value. The lower (= more negative) the value, the weaker the Noise.

When the source of interference is identified, eliminate the source of interference, or use this indicator to optimize station or antenna placement for optimal wireless performance.


Local Noise

The level of radio interference as measured in the vicinity of your wireless computer.


Remote Noise

The level of radio interference as measured in the vicinity of the remote station (for example your `Link Test Partner' or the current).


SOHO

Small Office / Home Office

Relatively small network that comprises up to 10 wireless and/or wired computers.

Occasionally a SOHO network uses a shared connection to an Internet Service Provider to provide internet access to individual workstations.


SNMP

Simple Network Management Protocol. A network protocol that can be used to manage networks locally, or world-wide via the internet.


SNMP IP Access List

Advanced Security option that enables you to authorize SNMP management to a restricted group of SNMP Management stations.

You can authorize one or multiple LAN Administrator Stations to access the Base Station configuration or diagnostic information.


SNMP Trap Messages

SNMP Trap Messages is part of the Trap Host mechanism.

It sends information on actions such as:

Reset procedures on the Base Station,

Upload of new configuration in to the Base Station,

Forced Reload so that the network administrator can verify whether the action was authorized or not.


Station Name

The station name is an optional parameter that may be used to designate wireless devices in the network. The name can help to identify a device in one of the Avaya Wireless diagnostic utilities. A station name can consist of up to 31 alphanumeric characters.


Trap Host

Station in an SNMP managed network, where SNMP Trap Messages are collected.


UDP

User Datagram Protocol.

Connection less protocol, like TCP, that runs on top of IP networks. Unlike TCP/IP, UDP/IP provides very few error recovery services, offering instead a direct way to send and receive data grams over IP networks. It is used primarily to broadcast messages over a network.


PDU

Protocol Data Unit


RSRE

Retransmission time-out algorithm as defined by the UK Royal Signals and Radar Establishment.


ICMP

Extension to the Internet Control Message Protocol (IP).

It supports packets that contain error, control, and informational messages. The PING command, for example, uses ICMP to test the Internet connection.


BPDU

Bridge Protocol Data Unit (also referred to as Configuration BPDU).

Data message that is exchanged between switches within large networks where the Spanning Tree protocol has been enabled. This message includes information about ports, addresses, priorities and path costs and it is used to detect loops in the network.

When a loop is detected, the Spanning Tree protocol will shut down selected bridge interfaces, and place redundant switch ports in a back-up or blocked state.


Root Bridge

The Bridge that has the lowest Bridge priority level in a Spanning Tree topology.


Designated Bridge

In a Spanning Tree configuration, the LAN is usually split up into multiple LAN segments. The Designated Bridge is the bridge that will forward all packets from bridges residing on the same LAN segment to the Root Bridge or bridges residing in other LAN segments and vice versa.

The Designated Bridge is usually the one closest to the Root Bridge.


Retransmission

Retransmission is a standard IEEE 802.11 method of dealing with lost messages. In case a transmitting wireless computer does not receive the acknowledgment that a transmitted message was received, the station will try to transmit the message again. When the retransmission fails as well, your wireless computer will switch to a lower Transmit Rate, using the Auto Fallback mechanism.


Root Port

In a Spanning Tree configuration, each bridge unit will identify which bridge port provides the shortest path to the Designated Bridge on the LAN segment and the Designated Bridge on the LAN.


Spanning Tree

In complex network topologies, the Spanning Tree option enables you to enhance data traffic efficiency, and eliminate the possibility of data loops.

With the spanning tree algorithm, all bridges on the LAN exchange special configuration messages (PDU's) that allow them to:

• 	Select a single bridge among all bridges in the connected LAN segments to be the Root Bridge

• 	Calculate the distance of the shortest path from them-selves to the root bridge.

• 	select a Designated Bridge in each LAN segment that will forward packets between that LAN segment and the root bridge.

• 	Select a Root Port among all ports of the bridge unit.

This way bridges will dynamically discover a loop-free subset of the LAN topology (a tree), that provides the most efficient level of connectivity between every pair of physically connected Local Area Network segments.

If the 'shortest data path' fails, (for example as a result of a physical breakdown), the Spanning Tree will automatically rebuild the topology within the confines of the available bridged LAN components.


Bridge in

The total number of data packets arriving at the Base Station from the LAN segment served by the selected wireless network interface.

This number reflects the sum of Unicast and Non-Unicast packets.


Broadcast

Messages transmitted by a single station (typically a server) to all stations on the network. This type of traffic is also referred to as Non-Unicast messages.


Bytes in

The number of bytes (octets) received at the Base Station from the LAN segment served by the selected wireless network interface, including framing characters.


Non-Unicast packets out

The number of packets requested by higher level protocols, to be transmitted to a subnetwork-unicast address, typically Multicast or Broadcast messages. This number includes the frames that were discarded or not sent.


AP Name

The name of the Base Station. The Base Station name is defined in the SNMP parameter settings in the Base Station configuration.

You can display or modify these settings using the AP Manager.


Storm Threshold

An advanced Bridge setup option that you can use to protect the network against data overload by:

• 	Specifying a maximum number of frames per second as received from a single network device (identified by its MAC Address).

• 	Specifying an absolute maximum number of messages per port.

The `Storm Threshold' parameters allow you to specify a set of thresholds for each port of the Base Station, identifying separate values for the number of broadcast messages/second and Multicast messages/second.

When the number of frames for a port or identified station exceeds the maximum value per second, the Base Station will ignore all subsequent messages issued by the particular network device, or ignore all messages of that type.


TTL

Time-To-Live

An advanced IP Parameter Setup counter that you can you use to maintain network efficiency. The purpose of the Time To Live counter (TTL) is to avoid endless forwarding of message frames with an incorrect address that pollute the network medium.

The TTL defines a maximum number of passes per hop. Each time the frame is forwarded by a router, the TTL counter decreases by one. When the TTL = 0, the frame is rejected.


UHD

Ultra High Density


Unicast packets out

The number of bytes (octets) transmitted out to the interface.

This is `true data' from station to station.


USB

Universal Serial Bus


Primary Base Station

In a network with multiple Residential Gateway devices, you will typically assign one Residential Gateway to act as the primary station that will distribute IP addresses to all clients and other Base Station units.


Secondary Base Station

In a network with multiple Residential Gateway devices, this term refers to the Base Station units that have the DHCP functionality disabled, and will receive their IP Address of the Primary Base Station.


Variant

The Variant level identifies the type of Avaya Wireless adapter.

As different variant types may support different functionality and features, you can only use firmware upgrades that are identified by the same Variant type as the one of your card.


Version

The Version number identifies the type of Avaya Wireless adapter. This number increments with each new firmware release.

The format of the version identification designator is typically X.xx, where:

X
identifies a major version upgrade
xx
identifies a minor version upgrade
You are advised not to 'downgrade' the firmware of your Avaya Wireless card, by loading firmware with a version level that is less than the one currently installed on your card.

In some exceptional cases, typically upon advice of Avaya Wireless technical Support you may need to downgrade. Doing so the WSU tool will prompt you to confirm that you wish to overwrite the card's firmware with an older version.


Primary Functions Firmware

The basic operating software of the Avaya Wireless adapter, required to interface with standard PC Card sockets and services.

Usually, this software does not need any update. In the exceptional case where an upgrade of your card's Station Functions Firmware requires upgrade of the Primary Functions Firmware as well, this upgrade will be executed automatically, provided that the variant of the firmware upgrade is the same type as the variant of your PC Card's hardware.

See also:

• 	Variant

• 	Version


Station Functions Firmware

This card software controls the features of your Wireless Client Adapter. It allows the adapter to operate as a Station (STA) in an IEEE 802.11 LAN, when inserted into the computer.

The STA functions firmware includes features such as:

• 	'Auto-connect' to IEEE 802.11 networks

• 	Option to select the data transmission speed

• 	Option to assign a Network Name

See also:

• 	Variant

• 	Version


Type II Extended

This type refers to the standard Avaya Wireless PC Card.

This is a network adapter card that fits into any standard PC Card Type II slot.

This type of card has a small extended part containing the radio antennas. The extended part protrudes slightly from the host device to allow the antennas to transmit/receive wireless signals with as little obstructions as possible.


Type II Extended - 8 dBm

This is a special adapter that has been designed for use in 'Fixed Wireless Systems' to connect LAN via wireless outdoor antenna links.

This type of card is identified by a distinct (green) color of the extended antenna part of the PC Card.

Local Radio regulations may require you to apply this type of Avaya Wireless adapter when setting up wireless outdoor antenna links.


Subnet Mask

In combination with the IP address, this number will identify which network your computer is on. If the IP Address Mask was assigned to you by your Script file (ISP), this is a required value to fill in.


DNS

Domain Name System

Distributed database used by computers on the Internet to look up each other's addresses.

When any site needs to add or remove computers, it simply updates the correspondent portion of the database and, after a short period, everyone on the net can see the change.


Script file

A script file contains scripting commands, parameters, and expressions that provide and retrieve information to and from the remote computer you are connecting to. This information can include your user name and password, port information, carriage returns, line feeds, and pauses.


WECA

Wireless Ethernet Compatibility Alliance

Group of leading equipment and software providers, aiming at inter operability among a wide variety of wireless systems.

http://www.wirelessethernet.org


WiFi

Wireless Fidelity

Inter operability standard of wireless network systems as defined by the WECA organization.

The WiFi logo on your wireless products ensures IEEE 802.11 High Rate quality and certified inter operability with an expanding range of WiFi certified product and solutions.


WEP

Wired Equivalent Privacy

IEEE 802.11 compliant encryption scheme based on the RC4 algorithm that is used to secure wireless data.

WEP encryption is a method of encrypting data that is transmitted over your wireless network to insure data security. In a wired network, data security is maintained through the physical wire. WEP encryption provides the same level of security for your wireless data as if it were being transmitted over standard network cabling. In order to duplicate wired network security levels, wireless data is encrypted at its point of transmission. The receiving device decodes the data. This allows users to have the same amount of security over their wireless network as they would over a wired network.


WSU

Wireless Station Update tool.

Windows-based tool to update the firmware of the Avaya Wireless PC Card and PCI Adapter.

The WSU tool runs on any desktop or laptop computer that:

• 	Runs the Microsoft Windows 9x, ME, 2000 and NT4.0

• 	Has the Avaya Wireless Driver installed.


64-bit WEP Network Interface

Wireless Client Adapter that supports 64-bit WEP data encryption.

This type of interface allows you to enter:

• 	5-digit keys in Alphanumeric Value or

• 	10-digit keys in Hexadecimal Value.


128-Bit RC4 Network Interface

Wireless Client Adapter that supports both 64-bit WEP and 128-Bit data encryption based on the RC4 algorithm.

This type of interface allows you to enter:

• 	5 or 13-digit keys in Alphanumeric Value or

• 	10 or 26-digit keys in Hexadecimal Value.


NAT

Network Address Translation

Translation of an IP address used within one network to a different IP address known within another network.

A NAT-enabled device translates a set of local IP addresses to one or more IP addresses on the Internet. NAT translates the IP address of incoming packets back to local IP addresses.

Automatically enables IPSec.


VPN

Virtual Private Network


Avaya Wireless Products

The Avaya Wireless product family is a comprehensive set of wireless network equipment based on radio technology. You can use Avaya Wireless to build a variety of wireless network topologies using client adapters and Base Stations.

The Avaya Wireless products have been designed for inter operability. This means that your Avaya Wireless hardware will communicate with other vendors' products carrying the WiFi logo.

See also:

• 	Wireless Client Station

• 	Base Station

• 	Wireless Configurations

• 	Avaya Wireless Tools


Wireless Client Station

A wireless client station is a computing device equipped with a Wireless Client Adapter that can connect to a (wired) network infrastructure via a Base Station.

Alternatively, you can connect wireless clients to one another in a Peer-to-Peer Group to share files and printers.


Wireless Client Adapter

Avaya Wireless Client Adapters are wireless network adapters that are not much different from Ethernet adapters for wired LANs. The operating system will not even notice the difference. The wireless adapters support all protocols that are supported by Ethernet adapter cards.

Like wired adapters, wireless adapters require installation of a dedicated driver, but unlike wired adapters they do not need a cable to connect them to the network. Only wireless network interfaces allow you to relocate workstations without the need to change network cabling or connections to patch panels or hubs.

Avaya Wireless offers the following types of adapters:

• 	Avaya Wireless PC Card

• 	PCI Adapter

• 	USB Client


Avaya Wireless PC Card

The Avaya Wireless PC Card is a Wireless Client Adapter that can be used with (mobile) computers that support the PC Card Type II slot. It has two LED indicators and two integrated antennas.


USB Client

The USB Client is a Wireless Client Adapter that can be connected to computers with a USB port.

The USB Client has two LED indicators and two integrated antennas


Base Station

The Base Station is a transparent bridge device that you can use to connect a Wireless Client Station to a (wired) network.

Avaya Wireless offers the following types of Base Station devices, that allow for a a variety of Wireless Configurations:

• 	Access Point I

• 	Access Point II

• 	Access Point 3

• 	Residential Gateway


Access Point I

The Access Point I is a transparent bridge device equipped with:

• 	A 10Base-T Ethernet Interface to connect the unit to a wired network.

• 	An integrated 128-Bit RC4 Network Interface to connect wireless stations. The wireless interface allows you to specify up to 4 different encryption keys.

Optionally you can use the AP-I in combination with the Range Extender Antenna.


Access Point II

The Access Point II is a transparent bridge device equipped with:

• 	A 10/100 Base-T Ethernet Interface to connect the unit to a wired network.

• 	Two wireless network interfaces via PC Card Type II slots

Optionally you can use the AP-II in combination with the Range Extender Antenna.


Access Point 3

The Access Point 3 is a transparent bridge that supports:

• 	A 10/100 Base-T Ethernet Interface

• 	Two wireless network interfaces via PC Card Type II slots

• 	A Serial Port for configuration via a direct cable connection.

• 	Management via a web-browser and/or Command Line Interface.


Residential Gateway

The Residential Gateway is a Base Station that enables you to build various types of wireless network applications in your home or small office environment.

It enables you to share internet access via an external Cable or xDSL Modem, via an ISDN Router or  the Ethernet port.

RG-I units also allow to share internet access via the built-in v90 modem.


Accessories

• 	ISA Adapter

• 	PCI Adapter

• 	Range Extender Antenna


ISA Adapter

To use the Avaya Wireless PC Card in a (desktop) computer that does not have a PC Card slot Avaya provides the ISA Adapter.


PCI Adapter

To use the Avaya Wireless PC Card in a (desktop) computer that does not have a PC Card slot Avaya provides the PCI Adapter and the ISA Adapter.


Range Extender Antenna

You can use the Range Extender Antenna to extend the Transmit Rate of your Avaya Wireless PC Card with approximately 15%.

Use of the Range Extender Antenna is recommended in situations where the integrated antenna of your PC Card is shielded. For example:

• 	Objects, such as thick stacks of books (or other objects) shield the integrated antenna.

• 	Your computer is installed in a cabinet or underneath a table.

Use of the Range Extender Antenna is especially recommended for the Avaya Wireless PC Card that is installed into a desktop computer, or in a Base Station.


Avaya Wireless Tools

The Avaya Wireless software suite consists of a set of Windows based management tools that enables you to configure your Base Station devices, and diagnose wireless network performance.

The Avaya Wireless software suite consists of the following tools:

• 	Client Manager

• 	Base Station Management Tool


Base Station Management Tool

To view and modify the configuration of your Base Station, or monitor its performance, you can use one or more of the following tools:

Management Tool
Base Station Type
Residential Gateway Setup Utility
Residential Gateway (easy install)
AP Manager
AP-I, AP-II, Residential Gateway (expert install)
Web-Browser Management
AP-3
Commnand Line Interface
AP-II, AP-3


Client Manager

To monitor the wireless performance of your Wireless Client Station, the Client Manager provides:

• 	Card Diagnostics to investigate the operation of the Wireless Client Adapter hardware.

• 	Link Test to measure wireless communication with a single Link Test partner in a Peer-to-Peer Group or a single Base Station.

• 	Site Monitor to verify and optimize placement of your Base Station devices.

You can install the program on any Windows computer equipped with one Avaya Wireless adapter.


AP Manager

The AP Manager program is a tool for LAN administrators or system supervisors to configure and monitor the performance of:

• 	AP-I

• 	AP-II

• 	Residential Gateway

You can install the program on any wired or wireless computer in your network that:

• 	runs the Microsoft windows operating system

• 	has the TCP/IP protocol installed.